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Thomas Eakins   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Thomas Eakins was born on July 25, 1844, in Philadelphia, and with the exception of four years of study in Paris and Spain, the city remained his home. Its school, public and private art collections, and community of artists, many of whom were recent emigrants from Europe trained in the academic tradition and familiar with new artistic styles, provided Eakins with an unusually wide-ranging art education for an American artist of his day.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Eakins arrived in Paris in 1866 to continue his art studies, he was in the vanguard of young artists who would revolutionize American art over the next two decades, breaking away from the literalism of Hudson River School landscapes to emulate the figurative subject mater of European academic art. For the rest of his career, Eakins would remain the most dedicated American proponent of the painstaking, analytical artistic methods taught in European academies. Yet, as soon as he arrived back in Philadelphia, Eakins declared his independence from European conventions by painting subjects close to his own experience. Moreover, he did not behave lake his contemporaries. One critic described him as â€Å"much more like an inventor working (out) curious and interesting problems for himself than like an average artist.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Eakins was widely recognized as a formidable artistic talent almost as soon as he began to exhibit in the mid- 1870’s. However, his scenes of working- and middle- class life found little support from critics and patrons. His decision to concentrate on portraiture after 1886 presented an even greater challenge for his viewer, who expected flattery and stylistic dash, rather than the intense scrutiny and introspective mood that characterized Eakins’ portraits.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After four years of studying in Europe, Thomas Eakins returned to Philadelphia in 1870 and set up a studio in his family home. As did many of his Paris-trained American contemporaries, Eakins brought back a conviction that the figure was the most important subject for art. While his peers remained committed to allegorical, historical, and exotic genre themes, however, Eakins sought his subject’s form the immediate experience of his life in Philadelphia. He began with the now-famous rowing, sailing, and hunting pictures, and made p... ... artists, culminating in his election in 1902 to the National Academy of Design, the most prestigious art organization in the United States. Designated an associate-elect in March, Eakins painted the required self-portrait in less than two months, and was elected a full academician in May. No other artist in the history of the institution previously had been elected both associate and academician in the same year.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He received a number of commissions from men in the professional and business communities. Yet, the intensely introspective quality that characterized his best portraits was reserved for people he knows well, such as his father-in-law, William Macdowell. In 1908, perhaps reviewing his own career, Eakins revisited the William Rush theme of thirty-two years before. In one of these paintings, he portrayed his own stocky figure helping a nude model down from the modeling stand.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Eakins died on June 25, 1916. In the following year, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York opened a memorial exhibition of sixty of his paintings, and the Pennsylvania Academy mounted and exhibition of more than one hundred of his works.